Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases involving which of the following?

Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases involving ambassadors because these cases concern international relations and the federal government's role in foreign policy. The Constitution explicitly grants federal courts the authority to hear cases involving ambassadors, which are representatives of foreign nations. This jurisdiction is enshrined in Article III, section 2, which outlines the types of cases that fall under the federal judicial power, particularly those involving foreign diplomats, treaties, and international affairs.

Cases related to state laws or local ordinances typically fall under the jurisdiction of state courts, as these matters are primarily of local concern. Military tribunals are governed by military law and may not be adjudicated in federal courts unless there are specific grounds for federal jurisdiction.