Who can approve amendments to the U.S. Constitution?

Amendments to the U.S. Constitution require approval through a specific process that involves both Congress and the states. Initially, an amendment can be proposed either by a two-thirds majority vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate or by a national convention called for by two-thirds of the state legislatures. Once proposed, the amendment must then be ratified by three-fourths of the state legislatures or by conventions in three-fourths of the states. This process ensures that both federal and state levels of government have a say in amending the Constitution, reflecting the principles of federalism that guide the U.S. political system. The involvement of both Congress and the states is crucial for maintaining a balance of power and ensuring broad consensus on constitutional changes.